As 2020 unraveled, the wave of global humanitarian crisis landed at our footsteps. Being caged and confined within the four walls, some individual sought ways to cherish these quarantine times while others struggled to pull together their lives. Amidst all the chaos, the echoes of the epic tale reverberated in the ears with mixed emotions. Nevertheless, there was an unsaid happiness on being able to watch the epic story of Ramayana as it brought generations together on the same couch.
The Ramayana is a classic epic story narrated in Sanskrit language by Valmiki. It revolves around the life of ‘Maryada Purshottam’ Rama, who was exiled to live as an ascetic in forest for 14 years along with his wife, Sita and brother, Laxman. The villain of the story Ravana kidnaps Sita, after which Rama rescues her and they come back to Ayodhya. The epic that blankets candor, duty, righteousness and countless ideal virtues, like every other thing is contextual and ridden with the evils of society. With Ramayana breaking records in recent times, it is of utmost important to contemplate its relevance and impact in 21st century.
Sita And Her ‘Naari Dharm’
Before delving in the domain of questioning and challenging, it is important to traverse through the trajectory of irrelevant acts seamlessly portrayed in the epic. The most prominent ones were the preaching of Naari Dharm, the reflection of ideal woman in Sita, and the Agnee Pareeksha. Throughout the epic, ‘Naari Dharm’ is taught, preached, glorified, evaluated and practiced by all the female characters. Naari dharm entails endless loyalty and servitude towards her husband, who is an epitome of god in her eyes, abiding to all the rules designed by the patriarchs, devotion to household work, sacrificing herself for the larger good etc. Women, who are docile and execute the dharm assigned to them, by virtue of their gender, with pure dedication are pedestalised, celebrated and idealised like Sita.
Throughout the epic, ‘Naari Dharm’ is taught, preached, glorified, evaluated and practiced by all the female characters. Naari dharm entails endless loyalty and servitude towards her husband, who is an epitome of god in her eyes, abiding to all the rules designed by the patriarchs, devotion to household work, sacrificing herself for the larger good etc.
Sita is an exemplary of the ‘ideal woman’, an inspiration to all. This elevated position was attributed to her for fulfilling and subscribing to naari dharm effortlessly. Sita was undoubtedly an epitome of grace, beauty and chastity. However, it is wise not to ignore the fact that her grace was concealed and shrugged aside owing to the aura and dominance of Lord Ram. In Indian households, the act of Sita is told and retold to remind wives, daughters and mothers how they should behave and act in order to win over a plagued society which otherwise treats a woman like a dirt stuck in a shoe.
It is sad that a woman is glorified and treated respectfully only when she surrenders her dignity and mind. The historical epochs echo with the chants of holy Sita, who is worshipped for her subjugated, obedient and submissive role and not because of her willed, strong personality. The episode where Sita is asked to prove her chastity and loyalty by Ram, through a trail by fire i.e. Agnee Pareeksha is particularly significant in contemplating the relevance of Ramayana. A woman who shows resilience and courage against an enemy, and upholds her duty in crisis, is asked to prove her purity not once but twice. The lack of apathy towards Sita who had undergone countless ordeals and hardships is appalling.
Female Characters In Ramayana
The portrayal of the female characters in the epic is startling as they are displayed as submissive and obedient wives, mothers and daughters, who lack a mind of their own, thus dictated by the male members. Certain dialogues like, “Main apki dasi hu; pati swami ka roop hai; stree swami ki charan hoti hai, etc.” are flawed and problematic on multiple levels. Worshipping husbands as god epitomises unequal relationship that is glorified and set as a precedent instead of questioning the inequality.
These ideas tacitly construct the foundation of our society. If the foundation is so unequal, how can the pyramid be equal? These events mirror to us the reality of the society that breathes patriarchy. Notwithstanding the fact that the Ramayana is an eternal epic that has been engraved in the hearts of thousands, however, it is daft to still see reflections of relevance in a postmodern society. The prescription of an ideal woman reiterated and reinforced throughout is irrelevant. It is more of an imposition than prescription.
The underlying concern with the display of Ramayana in contemporary times is its impact. The society is inherently patriarchal. The depiction of such submissive character in a time where women are challenging and smashing the shackles of patriarchy is not just regressive but it also defeats the purpose. Families and the patriarchs impose their problematic and unjust notions on a woman who they want to mirror Sita or preach the Naari dharm. A woman who already has to fight even for her breath is now put in a conflicting situation where her views are at odds with the family values.
Instead of healing the wounds etched in the hearts of Sita, she is asked to prove her chastity in front of everyone. A victim who strongly resists her perpetrator is brought under surveillance. Ram is never questioned. This again reinforces that it is the woman only who is questioned, regulated and restrained while a man can do anything they want.
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Her miseries are aggravated. Her fight is exasperated. The problem confronting us is the portrayal of Sita as the only ideal woman who is an idol of all the virtues. Idealism is subjective, objectifying and appareling it with unequal patriarchal notions is a victory for the society, where a woman is again treated as a puppet. What is ideal is to be decided by an individual woman. Why are there no definitions for an ideal man? A woman can’t wear ire, she has to be docile and poignant. This is preached as normal in society and makes any woman deviant of the normal worthy of backlash. This is unjust.
Today Vs. Ramayana
In a world of #MeToo, where we allow victims to live with dignity and emerge as survivors and call out the perpetrators, the depiction of a woman succumbing to the societal perception and patriarchal values is a slap on all the efforts of the survivors. Instead of healing the wounds etched in the hearts of Sita, she is asked to prove her chastity in front of everyone. A victim who strongly resists her perpetrator is brought under surveillance. Ram is never questioned. This again reinforces that it is the woman only who is questioned, regulated and restrained while a man can do anything they want.
Also read: Durga Puja And Dussehra Meet Each Other At Their Patriarchal Best
The unequal and unjust nature of punishment makes Ramayana unjust with just a blink of an eye. We live in a world where every second a woman is harassed and sexually assaulted. Preaching ideas like this not just negates these everyday ordeals of a woman, it further aggravates it by instilling fear of being disowned and questioned in their hearts for a fault of a man. The Agnee pareeksha that Sita took without revolting is an icing on the cake for these patriarchs who will be like, ‘If Sita didn’t defy Ram, who are we? The stigmatisation and ostracisation of victims is exacerbated.
In a post-enlightenment world flooded with the ideas of gender equality, rationality and justice, the re-telecast of Ramayana with these events raises significant and harsh question on the design of Indian society. It would be delusional if we tend to turn blind to the epidemic of patriarchy that has strangled the society since ages. The reinforcement of such unequal and